Raw LLM Responses

The google AI says about the continuum fallacy: "the false argument that because there is no clear, single-point-of-definition between two extremes, there is no meaningful difference between them at all." Sounds exactly what some people are doing with the difference between apes and humans, arguing that those differences are not "meaningful differences" (like Carl Linnaeus famously stating he could find no single characteristic to distinguish humans from apes, which is bogus in the first place, cause the differences are so obvious, that even paleontologists shoot themselves in the foot by naming the ape fossils "pithecus", which is Latin for "ape", and the human fossils "homo", Latin for human; already making a distinction between the 2 categories of life themselves cause they can clearly identify those differences/distinguishing characteristics so they know how to name the fossil; so much for Carl Linnaeus pretending he can't find those differences to distinguish humans from apes and everyone who have used his argument from feigned ignorance to defend the same arbitrary opinion motivated by the evolutionary storyline rather than any actual evidence or observation of a lack of even a single characteristic to distinguish humans from apes, when people have actually observed numerous very obvious ones, including Carl Linnaeus himself, so why is he lying about not seeing any? He's just using the same trick as Darwin did in his book when he said: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case." Notice the fake and feigned ignorance at the end there again, and this was just after he got done talking about exactly such a case, he just pretended that he solved it by making up a story that only sounds possible in the eyes of biased indoctrinated beholders, and then he proclaimed his story to be possible when all the evidence, the relevant facts of the matter, clearly say: 'no way!' Reality doesn't work like Darwin described in his story about the evolution of eyes). So, let's talk about some of those glaring differences between humans and apes (or other animals for that matter). “The prefrontal cortex . . . is most involved with elaboration of thought, intelligence, motivation, and personality. It associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, persistence, planning, concern for others, and conscience. . . . It is the elaboration of this region that sets human beings apart from other animals.” (Marieb’s _Human Anatomy and Physiology_ ) We certainly see evidence of this distinction in what humans have accomplished in fields such as mathematics, philosophy, and justice, which primarily involve the prefrontal cortex. Why do humans have a large, flexible prefrontal cortex, which contributes to higher mental functions, whereas in animals this area is rudimentary or nonexistent? The contrast is so great that biologists who claim that we evolved speak of the “mysterious explosion in brain size.” Professor of Biology Richard F. Thompson, noting the extraordinary expansion of our cerebral cortex, admits: “As yet we have no very clear understanding of why this happened.” Could the reason lie in man’s having been _created_ with this peerless brain capacity? “The human brain is composed almost exclusively of the [cerebral] cortex. The brain of a chimpanzee, for example, also has a cortex, but in far smaller proportions. The cortex allows us to think, to remember, to imagine. Essentially, we are human beings by virtue of our cortex.”—Edoardo Boncinelli, director of research in molecular biology, Milan, Italy. The Cerebral Cortex is the surface region of the brain that is most strongly linked to intelligence. A human’s cerebral cortex, if flattened, would cover four pages of typing paper; a chimpanzee’s would cover only one page; and a rat’s would cover a postage stamp.— _Scientific American._ Other parts of the brain also contribute to our uniqueness. Behind our prefrontal cortex is a strip stretching across the head—the motor cortex. It contains billions of neurons that connect with our muscles. It too has features that contribute to our being far different from apes or other animals. The primary motor cortex gives us “(1) an exceptional capability to use the hand, the fingers, and the thumb to perform highly dexterous manual tasks, and (2) use of the mouth, lips, tongue, and facial muscles to talk.”—Guyton’s _Textbook of Medical Physiology._ Consider briefly how the motor cortex affects your ability to speak. Over half of it is devoted to the organs of communication. This helps to explain the unparalleled communication skills of humans. Though our hands play a role in communication (in writing, normal gestures, or sign language), the mouth usually plays the major part. Human speech—from a baby’s first word to the voice of an elderly person—is unquestionably a marvel. Some 100 muscles in the tongue, lips, jaw, throat, and chest cooperate to produce countless sounds. Note this contrast: One brain cell can direct 2,000 fibers of an athlete’s calf muscle, but brain cells for the voice box may concentrate on only 2 or 3 muscle fibers. Does that not suggest that our brain is specially equipped for communication? Each short phrase that you utter requires a specific pattern of muscular movements. The meaning of a single expression can change depending upon the degree of movement and split-second timing of scores of different muscles. “At a comfortable rate,” explains speech expert Dr. William H. Perkins, “we utter about 14 sounds per second. That’s twice as fast as we can control our tongue, lips, jaw or any other parts of our speech mechanism when we move them separately. But put them all together for speech and they work the way fingers of expert typists and concert pianists do. Their movements overlap in a symphony of exquisite timing.” The actual information needed to ask the simple question, “How are you today?” is stored in a part of your brain’s frontal lobe called Broca’s area, which some consider to be your speech center. Nobel laureate neuroscientist Sir John Eccles wrote: “No area corresponding to the . . . speech area of Broca has been recognized in apes.” (notice how he just made a distinction between humans and apes, contradicting the claim that humans are apes, cause humans definitely have a Broca's area, so if “no area corresponding to the . . . speech area of Broca has been recognized in apes”, then humans are not apes according to that statement. It's also one more distinguishing characteristic that refutes Carl Linnaeus' bogus argument and blatant lie; the pile of distinguishing characteristics, that Carl Linnaeus is well aware of, just grows larger and larger, and with it, his lie grows larger and larger, and it exposes something about everyone so eager to jump on board with this lie; eg. it's regularly quoted as an argument on the reddit for "debate evolution".) Even if some similar areas are found in animals, the fact is that scientists cannot get apes to produce more than a few crude speech sounds. You, though, can produce complicated language. To do so, you put words together according to the grammar of your language. Broca’s area helps you do that, both in speaking and in writing. Of course, you cannot exercise the miracle of speech unless you know at least one language and understand what its words mean. This involves another special part of your brain, known as Wernicke’s area. Here, billions of neurons discern the meaning of spoken or written words. Wernicke’s area helps you to make sense of statements and to comprehend what you hear or read; thus you can learn information and can respond sensibly. There is even more to your fluent speech. To illustrate: A verbal “Hello” can convey a host of meanings. Your tone of voice reflects whether you are happy, excited, bored, rushed, annoyed, sad, or frightened, and it may even reveal degrees of those emotional states. Another area of your brain supplies information for the emotional part of speech. So, various parts of your brain come into play when you communicate. Chimpanzees have been taught some limited sign language, but their use of it is essentially limited to simple requests for food or other basics. Having worked to teach chimps simple nonverbal communication, Dr. David Premack concluded: “Human language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theory because it is vastly more powerful than one can account for.” We might ponder: ‘Why do humans have this marvelous skill to communicate thoughts and feelings, to inquire and to respond?’ _The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics_ states that “[human] speech is special” and admits that “the search for precursors in animal communication does not help much in bridging the enormous gap that separates language and speech from nonhuman behaviors.” Professor Ludwig Koehler summarized the difference: “Human speech is a secret; it is a divine gift, a miracle.” What a difference there is between an ape’s use of signs and the complex language ability of children! Sir John Eccles referred to what most of us have also observed, an ability “exhibited even by 3-year-old children with their torrent of questions in their desire to understand their world.” He added: “By contrast, apes do not ask questions.” Yes, only humans form questions, including questions about the meaning of life.